Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome or hyperandrogenic anovulation, is a hormone and metabolic  disorder causing the female body to make an elevated amount of male hormones called androgens, including the hormone testosterone.

High levels of these hormones in the ovaries can cause a woman’s eggs to not develop properly. Instead of releasing an egg, the ovary’s follicles containing the developing eggs remain small and immature.

Polycystic ovaries disrupt normal ovulation and the menstrual cycle, causing infertility and additional symptoms related to hormonal imbalance, such as weight gain, high blood pressure, adult acne and diabetes (due to high insulin levels).

PCOS is considered to be the most common hormonal imbalance disorder in reproductive-aged women. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine estimates that PCOS affects up to 1 in 10 women.

https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/services/women/pcos

https://www.pacehospital.com/pcod-polycystic-ovary-disease-cause-symptoms-and-treatment

PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is a hormonal  condition in which the woman ovaries produce immature or partially mature eggs in large numbers and over the time these become cysts in ovaries. Due to this ovaries become large and secrete large amount of male hormones (androgens) causing infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, hair loss and abnormal weight gain. PCOD can be controlled by diet and lifestyle modifications.

https://www.pacehospital.com/pcod-polycystic-ovary-disease-cause-symptoms-and-treatment

Endometriosis can occur in women if the endometrial tissue that lines the uterus grows on the outside of the uterus, most commonly into organs near the uterus. For instance, the most common location for endometriosis is the lining of the uterus or endometrium. Other locations include the deep pelvic sidewall, bladder, and rectum.

The disorder may cause pelvic pain when a woman has a period and may cause uterine scarring. The endometrium, or the lining of the uterus, responds to hormonal changes, and menstrual bleeding is the result of decreasing progesterone levels at the end of the cycle. The abnormally located endometrial tissue also responds to these hormonal changes and therefore bleeds and causes symptoms and scarring.

Endometriosis primarily affects females age 15 to 45 who are of reproductive age. According to the National Institutes of Health, 10% – 15% of women in this age group will have the disease. The cause of endometriosis is unknown. Researchers have found that estrogen can exacerbate the disorder. Studies have shown that menopausal women with this condition generally experience a decrease in estrogen and stop having symptoms.

Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for menstrual pain and discomfort. Women can experience dysmenorrhea before, during, or after their menstrual cycle.

More than 50% of women experience menstrual and it is not normal condition.

There are two types of dysmenorrhea — primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea involves pain that is cyclical and caused by menstruation itself.

Secondary dysmenorrhea involves non-cyclical (unrelated to menstruation) pain that may be triggered by an underlying condition such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or fibroids.

Amenorrhea means the absence of menstruation, or a period as we say colloquially. Menstruation occurs when an egg is released, called ovulation, but never fertilized (which would be the start of pregnancy). The thick lining built up in case of pregnancy is then shed when pregnancy does not occur, resulting in the blood loss seen monthly.

Amenorrhea can be classified as either primary or secondary.

Primary amenorrhea is when a female has not menstruated by the age of 15 and has otherwise shown signs of puberty.

Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for 3 months in a female who previously had regular menstrual cycles OR 6 months in a female with previously irregular cycles.

The distinction between primary and secondary amenorrhea is made because the causes of primary amenorrhea are often due to genetic or anatomic abnormalities.